Análise evolutiva da morfologia e da irrigação do timo de javalis (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) / Evolutionary analysis of morphology and irrigation of the thymus of boar's (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758)

Objetivou-se descrever comparativamente as artérias responsáveis pela irrigação dos lobos tímicos cervicais e torácicos dos javalis, determinando-se também as características morfológicas do referido órgão nessa espécie, a ponto de correlacioná-las evolutivamente com os demais representantes da família Suidae. Os lobos tímicos cervicais direito e esquerdo receberam ramos distribuídos pelas artérias carótidas comuns direita e esquerda e cervicais superficiais direita e esquerda e, por vezes, pelas artérias torácica externa esquerda e subclávia esquerda. Essa característica vascular foi mantida ao longo da evolução, estando presente em linhagens e raças mais recentes de suídeos. A irrigação dos lobos tímicos torácicos direito e esquerdo foi realizada predominantemente por ramos diretos e indiretos ipsilaterais e contralaterais das artérias torácicas internas direita e esquerda, e também por ramos da artéria subclávia esquerda. Ramos diretos das artérias cervicais superficiais direita e esquerda e ramos diretos da artéria torácica interna direita foram encontrados para o lobo tímico médio, sendo essa uma descrição única nessa espécie, o que demonstra uma característica evolutiva primitiva nesse ancestral.(AU)

The objective of this study was to comparatively describe the arteries responsible for the irrigation of the cervical and thoracic thymus lobes of Boars, also determining the morphological characteristics of this body in this species to the point of evolutionarily correlating them with other representatives of the Suidae family. The left and right cervical thymic lobes received branches distributed by common right and left, superficial right and left carotid arteries, and neck and, sometimes, the outer left chest and left subclavian arteries. This feature was vascular maintained throughout evolution and is present in more recent strains and breeds of swine. Irrigation of the right and left thoracic thymic lobes was performed predominantly by direct and indirect ipsilateral and contralateral branches of the right and left internal thoracic arteries and also by branches of the left subclavian artery. Direct branches of the right and left superficial cervical artery and right branches of the right internal thoracic artery were found for the average thymic lobe, this being a unique description in this species, demonstrating a primitive feature in this evolutionary ancestor.(AU)

Morfologia e biometria do timo em araras dos gêneros Ara e Anodorhynchus / Morphology and biometry of the thymus gland in macaw of Ara and Anodorhynchus genera

Foram utilizados 12 exemplares de Ara ararauna - seis fêmeas e seis machos -, cinco exemplares de Ara chloropterus (uma fêmea e quatro machos) e dois exemplares de Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus - uma fêmea e um macho -, todos adultos, doados por criadouro particular, após óbito natural. Os lobos foram dissecados e medidos com paquímetro - comprimento x largura x espessura - e analisados quanto ao peso, à topografia e à morfologia individual. Independentemente do gênero, foram identificados, em 17 casos (89,5%), lobos tímicos nos antímeros cervicais esquerdo e direito, e em oito casos (42,1%), lobos na cavidade celomática. Os lobos apresentaram formatos alongados - 52,6% -, arredondados - 21,1% - ou ovalados - 15,8% -, posicionados preferencialmente ventromedialmente ao longo do plexo vasculoneural do pescoço, com número médio de cinco lobos por antímero, tamanho médio de 0,49cm de comprimento, 0,12cm de largura e 0,05cm de espessura e peso médio de 0,076g.

Twelve samples of Ara ararauna - six females and six males -, five samples of Ara chloropterus (one female and four males) and two samples of Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (one female and one male), all adults from a Breeding Park, were used after natural death. The lobes were dissected and measured with electronic calliper (length x width x thickness) and analyzed taking their weight, topography and individual morphology into account. Regardless of gender, 89.5% of the cases presented timic lobes in the left and right cervical antimere, and 42.1% of the cases presented lobes in the celomatic cavity. The lobes were shown in shapes - long (52.6%), round (21.1%) or oval (15.8%), positioned mostly ventromedially, along the neurovascular plexus of the neck, with an average of five lobes per antimere, and an average size of 0.49cm length, 0.12cm width, and 0.05cm thick and average weight of 0.076g.

Identification and localization of certain glycoconjugates during the development of thymus in the mice embryos Balb/C

Glycoconjugates molecules showed a programmed changes during the development. These components in the cell-surface and extracellular matrix plays important roles for different developmental processes. In this study lectin histochemistry technique was used for identification and localization of some glycoconjugates during the development of thymus. Balb/C mice embryos from days 10 to 15 and also day 18 fetuses iixed in formalin and provided 5m serial sections of these samples for histochemical study. Slices were incubated with three types of HRP-conjugated lectins [HRP] include: SBA specified for alpha, [beta-D-N-acetylgalactoseamin [alpha, beta-D-GalNAc], PNA specified for beta-D-Galactose -[l-3]-D-N-acetylgalactoseamin [beta-D-Gal-[l-3]-D-GalNAc], MPA specified for D-Galactose [D- Gal]. SBA lectin was presented with decreasing intensity in the Golgi zone [GZ] and cell surfaces of mesenchymal cells, epithelial cells and T-cells microenvironment in studying days. In first day [12 and 13] T-cells had high reaction with SBA in membranes and GZ. PNA lectin was revealed with several intensity in basal membranes and membranes of mesenchymal cells, epithelial and microenvironment of T-cells in studying days. MPA lectin weakly presented in the endodermal and mesenchymal cells and microenvironment of T-cells in all days. Results indicated that glycoconjugates molecules with terminal carbohydrate of GalNAc might have a role in the development of thymus gland and maturation of the T-cells. Glycoconjugates with terminal disaccharide of Gal/GalNAc probably have significant effect on the total developmental process of thymus gland. Further, Glycoconjugates with terminal carbohydrate of Gal probably had not a key role in the development of thymus gland and T-cells or with low quantity effect

[Histological study of thymus in Maquee sheep fetus]

For developmental study of thymus in different stages of fetal period, from thymus glands of 75 healthy fetuses, histological sections were prepared and stained by H and E, PAS, Verhoeff, Toluidine blue and Van Geisson's methods. This study revealed that, the infiltration and accumulation of lymphocytes in thymus takes place at second month. Medullae were expanded and cortices were seen as accumulation of lymphocytes around them at first half of third month. There were progression in the thymus lobulation and the thicknesses of lobules was increased at second half of the third month. At the fourth month of development, the sizes of thymic lobules were reached to their maximum diameter, but the trabeculae became very thin. In overall, it seems that the most critical period of thymus development in sheep fetus was second half of second month till the end of third month

Morphologic effects of actinomycin D on the developing primary lymphoid tissues [Thymus gland and bursa of fabricius [BF]] of the chick embryos

Morphological and histological studies were made on the thymus gland and the thymus equivalent [BF] of the chick embryos injected in ova with actinomycin D [0.5 microgram/embryo] on the 10th day of incubation. It was found that actinomycin D caused morphological and histological changes in the thymus gland of 15-day old chick embryo in the form of less invaginated capsule with torn swollen dilated septa. Density of cells seemed to be more with increased vascularity. The changes in thymus equivalent, bursa of fabricius [BF] was in the form of more dilated cavity of the bursa, more lymphoid cells, as well as tears in the epithelial plates

Efecto de la realimentación sobre el timo de ratas en período de crecimiento activo con malnutrición proteíca marginal o severa / Effect of refeeding over rats thymus in active growing period with marginal or severe protein malnutrition

Trabajos previos en rata en crecimiento han demostrado que la malnutrición proteica marginal, moderada o severa provoca el frenado en la maduración tímica; siendo los efectos de la recuperación nutricional dependientes del grado de desnutrición, y de la interacción entre éste, el contenido de proteína de la dieta y el tiempo de administración de la misma. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de la administración, por período corto y largo, de dieta al 15 por ciento de caseína sobre el timo de ratas Wistar con deficiencia marginal o severa al destete. Como control se utilizaron ratas que desde el destete recibieron dieta stock de vivero. Se observó que los valores del peso corporal, y del timo, número total de timocitos y número absoluto de células T que presentan el marcador W3/13, se encuentran aumentados en todos los grupos experimentales con respecto al punto de partida. Sólo los animales con malnutrición marginal y realimentados por período largo con la dieta de recuperación al 15 por ciento de caseína, presentan valores, para los parámetros estudiados, estadísticamente semejantes al control de igual edad. Estos resultados indican que la rehabilitación nutricional durante el período largo con dieta al 15 por ciento de caseína es capaz de revertir el frenado en la proliferación y maduración celular provocado sobre el timo por la deficiencia proteica marginal al destete, no siendo efectiva sobre el daño provocado por la deficiencia proteica severa